{"id":5631,"date":"2019-10-29T20:02:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-29T16:32:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631"},"modified":"2019-10-31T18:39:03","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T15:09:03","slug":"iranian-dance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631","title":{"rendered":"Iranian dance"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"The very antiquity and richness of\u00a0Persian culture renders the term “Persian dance” both vague and inadequate; it\u00a0can be applied to a variety of regions, ethnicities and historical periods,\u00a0making a strict definition difficult.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cPersian dance\u201d can range from\u00a0sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances.\u00a0 The movement vocabulary, costuming, music, demeanor, and context of these dances\u00a0also varies widely. A brief examination of the genres of \u201cPersian Dance\u201d reveals\u00a0the abundance of diverse dance styles in the Persian experience.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0Persian nation, known today as Iran, has an ancient heritage and once governed a\u00a0much larger geographical area than at the present. In 500 BC, the Persian Empire\u00a0once extended to Egypt and the borders of India. Ancient Greek historians\u00a0mentioned the dance of the Persians and in one account, Alexander\u00a0 married the Soghdian princess Roxanna after seeing her dance at a\u00a0banquet.<\/strong><\/p>\n

During different dynasties, various regions and populations fell\u00a0 under Persian hegemony. For example, the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand are in\u00a0 present-day Uzbekistan, but each place has a considerable Tajik speaking\u00a0 population. (Tajik is closely related to the Persian language.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0 population of Iran includes many ethnicities other than the Persians themselves.\u00a0 In addition to numerous Iranian tribal groups, Kurdish, Uzbek, Turkmen, Jewish,\u00a0 Armenian, and others can be found within the borders of modern-day Iran. Each\u00a0 group, each region, and each historical epoch has specific dance styles\u00a0 associated with it.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Islamic society, dance generally suffers from low\u00a0 social status because it is often associated with immoral behavior not\u00a0 appropriate for a Muslim, such as drinking alcohol. Professional dancers were\u00a0 often Armenian and Jews, since proper Muslim girls would never dance in public\u00a0 before strangers.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Like other areas of the Islamic World, Iran possesses\u00a0 four categories of dance, as first delineated by Louis Ibsen al-Faruqi. These\u00a0 genres are chain or line dances; solo improvisational dance; war or combat\u00a0 dances; and ritual or spiritual dances. As a result, the term \u201cPersian dance\u201d can include all four historical dances, folk dances, urban dances, and\u00a0 ritualized movement.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chain or Line dances are often named for the region\u00a0 or the ethnic groups with which they are associated. These include Bandari,\u00a0 Ghassemabadi, Qashqai, Kavkazi, Baluchi and Kurdi to name just a few. Bandari is\u00a0 a lively folk dance from the Persian Gulf region which contains strong Arabic\u00a0 and African influences. A favorite Ghassemabadi dance depicts women harvesting\u00a0 in the fields, mimicking work motions. The colorful layered skirts worn by women\u00a0 beautiful unfurl in their circle dances. With a population of 25 million Turkic\u00a0 Azeri people in Iran, the Kavkazi dances, like Lezginka, enjoy great popularity.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A mesmerizing Baluchi bracelet dance was once part of the repertoire of\u00a0 pre-revolutionary Iran\u2019s Mahalli Folk Dance Company. Dance is also central to\u00a0 celebrations of the Kurdish people with their various distinctive and energetic\u00a0 line dances.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Solo improvisational dance includes historical \u201cart dance\u201d — usually reconstructions of Safavid and Qajar Court Dance. These often\u00a0 utilizes delicate, graceful movements of the hands and arms, such as wrist\u00a0 circles. Animated facial expressions are central to the concept of naz, that\u00a0 difficult-to-define quality of alluring flirtatiousness that marks the best\u00a0 performers. Sumptuous costuming appropriate to the historical depicted features\u00a0 richly embellished silks, velvets and brocades.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Urban dances focus less\u00a0 on communal line or circle dances and more on solo improvisational forms.\u00a0 Kereshmeh, Baba Karam and Shateri. In these dances, the charm and technical\u00a0 skill of the performer are foremost. Contemporary social dances performed at\u00a0 festive occasions like weddings and Noruz celebrations follow in this tradition,\u00a0 with each dancer interpreting the music in her own special way but within a\u00a0 specific range of dance vocabulary. More recently, Iranian emigre populations in\u00a0 the Los Angeles area have experimented with blending native styles with Salsa,\u00a0 Arabic, and Jazz dance elements.<\/strong><\/p>\n

War or Combat dances are those that\u00a0 either imitate combat, or help train the warrior. The Shamshir, or sword dance,\u00a0 belongs in this category. It may be argued that the ritualized movement includes\u00a0 the famous athletic motions of men from the zurkhoneh of \u201cHouse of Strength\u201d also are a kind of martial arts training.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ritual or spiritual dances,\u00a0 such as those of the Sufis or devishes have been depicted in Persian miniaturepaintings. These dances bring to mind the mystic poetry of Jalaledin Rumi. These\u00a0 dance rituals are known as sama\u2019 and also zikr.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Certain general\u00a0characteristics are shared by many folk and urban dances. Hip movements are\u00a0sometimes used, but are quite distinct from those used Arabic dance. In Persian\u00a0dance these motions sometimes twisting movements or a gentle hip push are often\u00a0achieved by moving the legs; this contrasts with the true pelvic isolations of\u00a0Arabic dance. Although accentuated shoulder isolations appears they are rarely\u00a0sustained shoulder shimmies with the notable exception of Bandari.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Like\u00a0almost all of the dances of the East, the floor often becomes a significant element in both Persian folklore and art dances, with a performer kneeling or sitting in part of her presentation. Backbends and \u201clay backs\u201d can occur. Elaborate and complex spins and spiral turns are found in various Persian dances, going back to the famous spinning dance of the Soghdians. (A\u00a0 notable exception to the use of spins in the Arab world is the Tanoura, which\u00a0 may trace its origins to Central Asia.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Just as the dances of Iran are\u00a0 unique and varied, so are the costumes traditional to each dance as well as the\u00a0 music that accompanies them. Certain melodies are inextricably tied to special\u00a0 dances, so proper musical selection is critical.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thus, \u201cPersian dance\u201d reflects a tapestry of cultures and a geographical spectrum as broad and as\u00a0 ancient as old Persian Empire itself. From the joyous abandon of Bandari to the\u00a0 studied nuance of a Qajar Court entertainer, the wide scope of Persian dance\u00a0 continues to enchant audiences in the 21st century, and for Westerners, offers a\u00a0 glimpse into the soul of an ancient people.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dance has been an inseparable element of Persian culture for thousands of years. Dance depictions on pottery excavated from prehistoric sites attest to the antiquity of this art. However, ritual dance, the precursor to Iranian royal court dances, can be traced back to the cult of Mithra (third century BCE).<\/strong><\/p>\n

During the reign of early Persian imperial dynasties\u2014Achaemenids (c. 550\u2013330 BCE), Parthians (247 BCE\u2013224 CE), and Sassanids (224\u2013651 CE)\u2014ritual dance was adapted into ceremonial practices within their royal courts. A performance of rhythmic human movements enacted in harmony with musical patterns became a regal custom not only because it was used as means of amusement and entertainment in social and ceremonial coherences of the Imperial courts but also because it incorporated high aesthetic and cultural values. That is why even the emperor (shahanshah<\/em>, the \u201cking of kings\u201d) and his courtiers would gracefully engage in dancing.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"During the Hellenistic period (323 BCE\u201331 BCE), Greek theatre and dance were adapted to Iranian taste and traditions, especially by the Parthians. Their dance traditions, particularly royal court dances came, in turn, to influence the dance movement vocabularies of nations within a wide geographical area along the Silk Road, from Caucasus throughout Central Asia and India.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The term \u201cPersian dance\u201d was mentioned by several Greek historians of the time to describe ceremonial dances in which Persian royalties participated, such as fire dance, wine dance, sword dance, and dancing on horseback. Through Greece and after the Alexander the Great invasion of Persia, Persian military dance became the heir to what is known today as Lezgian and Cossack dance, widely practiced and performed in Caucasus countries.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Arab conquest of Iran (633 CE) suspended the traditions of royal court dance. After centuries of political instability, civil war, and occupation by foreign powers, the desire of dance was awakening among Persians who started to express themselves through visual arts. Dance gained esteem and recognition as it was practiced by new spiritual reform-oriented thinkers, called Sufis, as means of connecting to the divine. And thus, dance never disappeared completely from the Iranian cultural sphere, even during the most arduous period of Iranian history.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dance, as a tradition of royal entertainment, returned to Persian courts when the Safavids came into power (1501\u20131722 CE). Along with a new political agenda, the Safavids embarked a new era of cultural development, curing which dance returned to the court of Persian kings and found a new movement vocabulary reflecting the beauty of Persian craftsmanship, national diversity, and prosperity. Court dance remained part of royal habits even through the reign of the next royal dynasty, the Qajars (1794\u20131925 CE). Even though the powerful clergy condemned dance, it continued to flourish and develop and became a popular motif of Persian visual art productions such as fresco and miniature and oil painting. The harem of Nassereddin Shah, the 4th Qajar king, hosted dance performances in which many of his eighty-four wives and a number of his daughters participated. At the time, Shiite law forbade any kind of dance, but the most powerful man in the country had the luxury of breaking religious law.<\/strong>
\nReza Shah, the first Iranian king of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925\u20131979 CE) after the Qajars banned the royal court dance. His political, social, and cultural reforms rejected many customs and traditions of the previous Persian royal courts such as the king\u2019s possession of a harem or \u201cvulgar entertainment.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

With the rise of Reza Shah, Iranian royal court dance developed in two different directions. The first sort, being considered as neither artistic nor cultivating, often expressing sexuality and frivolity, was to be performed in cabarets, social gatherings, and the like for entertainment. This type of dance, ordinarily performed by a solo dancer, was intolerable to be presented before royalty.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The other style, which came to be developed and elaborated into an art form, is today referred to as Persian traditional\/classical dance. It is always performed on the base of traditional Persian modal music,\u00a0dastgah<\/em>. The movements demonstrate flexibility, grace, and dominance of the upper body moves, and include facial expressions. The dance is nonsexual, feminine, confident, joyful, and active. It displays a sense of pride in behavior and frequently uses literary and historical themes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Islamic revolution of 1979 and establishment of a theocratic government terminated traditional court dance, at least on the public stage, mostly because the court dances were mainly performed by females. Political turbulence after 1979, cultural revolution which attempted to erase any sign of Pahlavi regime, followed by an eight-year war with Iraq obliterated the art form of dance for about two decades.<\/strong><\/p>\n

As time passed, former dancers, who were at the time of revolution in their 30s and 40s, started an underground movement to train and teach Iranian traditional dance to a new generation of dancers. Millions of Iranians migrated after the revolution of 1979, creating diaspora communities around the world. Thanks to the efforts of former traditional dance artists and some foreign dancers who specialized in Persian dance, Iranian traditional dance has survived. A new generation of Iranian dancers has emerged throughout the Iranian diaspora communities during the past decade, and they are cultivating the art form and safeguarding it for new generations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Special thanks to Nima Kiann<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One of the acmes of Persian art….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5632,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[748,742],"tags":[1181,1182],"yoast_head":"\nIranian dance - Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iranian dance - Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One of the acmes of Persian art....\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-29T16:32:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T15:09:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/perf7.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"853\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Heydarikhah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Heydarikhah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Heydarikhah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/#\/schema\/person\/97875b2ee69e06f8916f63352e2168a9\"},\"headline\":\"Iranian dance\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-10-29T16:32:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-10-31T15:09:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\"},\"wordCount\":1851,\"commentCount\":123,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Iraniandance\",\"Persiandance\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Dance\",\"Iranian Art\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5631\",\"name\":\"Iranian dance - 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