{"id":5778,"date":"2019-12-20T18:53:14","date_gmt":"2019-12-20T15:23:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778"},"modified":"2019-12-20T23:19:59","modified_gmt":"2019-12-20T19:49:59","slug":"the-mausoleum-of-avicenna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778","title":{"rendered":"The mausoleum of Avicenna"},"content":{"rendered":"

The mausoleum of Avicenna:<\/strong><\/p>\n

A contemporary structure dating back to second Pahlavi era, protects the grave of Avicenna who was one of the most influential doctors and philosophers in history whose books have been taught in different universities all around the world for more than a thousand years.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avicenna, Arabic\u00a0Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, in full\u00a0Ab\u016b \u02bfAl\u012b al-\u1e24usayn ibn \u02bfAbd All\u0101h ibn S\u012bn\u0101, (born 980, near Bukhara,\u00a0Iran\u00a0[now in Uzbekistan]\u2014died 1037, Hamedan, Iran), Muslim physician, the most famous and influential of the\u00a0<\/span>philosopher-scientists\u00a0of the\u00a0medieval\u00a0Islamic world. He was particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of\u00a0Aristotelian philosophy\u00a0and\u00a0medicine. He composed the\u00a0<\/b><\/span>Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101\u02be<\/em>\u00a0(<\/b>Book of the Cure<\/em>), a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and\u00a0<\/b>Al-Q\u0101n\u016bn f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb<\/em>\u00a0(<\/b><\/span>The Canon of Medicine<\/em>), which is among the most famous books in the\u00a0<\/span>history of medicine.<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"Avicenna did not burst upon an empty Islamic\u00a0intellectual\u00a0stage. It is believed that Muslim writer Ibn al-Muqaffa\u02bf, or possibly his son, had introduced Aristotelian logic to the Islamic world more than two centuries before Avicenna.\u00a0Al-Kind\u012b, the first Islamic Peripatetic (Aristotelian) philosopher, and Turkish polymath\u00a0al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b, from whose book Avicenna would learn\u00a0<\/span>Aristotle\u2019s\u00a0metaphysics, preceded him. Of these luminaries, however, Avicenna remains by far the greatest.<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Avicenna\u2019s personal account of his life, as communicated in the records of his longtime pupil al-J\u016bzj\u0101n\u012b, he read and memorized the entire\u00a0Qur\u02be\u0101n\u00a0by age 10. The tutor N\u0101til\u012b instructed the youth in elementary\u00a0logic, and, having soon surpassed his teacher, Avicenna took to studying the Hellenistic authors on his own. By age 16 Avicenna turned to medicine, a\u00a0discipline\u00a0over which he claimed \u201ceasy\u201d mastery. When the sultan of\u00a0Bukhara\u00a0fell ill with an ailment that baffled the court physicians, Avicenna was called to his bedside and cured him. In gratitude, the sultan opened the royal S\u0101m\u0101nid library to him, a\u00a0fortuitous\u00a0benevolence\u00a0that introduced Avicenna to a veritable\u00a0cornucopia\u00a0of\u00a0science\u00a0and philosophy.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Avicenna began his prodigious writing career at age 21. Some 240\u00a0extant\u00a0titles bear his name. They cross numerous fields, including\u00a0mathematics, geometry,\u00a0astronomy, physics,\u00a0metaphysics,\u00a0philology, music, and poetry. Often caught up in the tempestuous political and religious strife of the era, Avicenna\u2019s scholarship was unquestionably hampered by a need to remain on the move. At\u00a0E\u1e63fah\u0101n, under\u00a0<\/span>\u02bfAl\u0101 al-Dawlah, he found the stability and security that had eluded him. If Avicenna could be said to have had any\u00a0halcyon\u00a0days, they occurred during his time at E\u1e63fah\u0101n, where he was insulated from political intrigues and could hold his own scholars\u2019 court every Friday, discussing topics at will. In this\u00a0salubrious\u00a0climate, Avicenna completed\u00a0Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101\u02be<\/em>, wrote\u00a0D\u0101nish n\u0101ma-i \u02bfal\u0101\u02be\u012b<\/em>\u00a0(Book of Knowledge<\/em>) and\u00a0Kit\u0101b al-naj\u0101t<\/em>\u00a0(<\/span>Book of Salvation<\/em>), and compiled new and more-accurate astronomical tables.<\/strong><\/p>\n

While in the company of \u02bfAl\u0101 al-Dawlah, Avicenna fell ill with\u00a0colic. He treated himself by employing the heroic measure of eight self-administered celery-seed enemas in one day. However, the preparation was either inadvertently or intentionally altered by an attendant to include five measures of active ingredient instead of the prescribed two. That caused ulceration of the intestines. Following up with mithridate (a mild\u00a0opium\u00a0remedy attributed to\u00a0Mithradates VI Eupator, king of\u00a0Pontus\u00a0[120\u201363\u00a0BCE<\/span>]), a slave attempted to poison Avicenna by surreptitiously adding a surfeit of opium. Weakened but\u00a0indefatigable, he accompanied \u02bfAl\u0101 al-Dawlah on his march to\u00a0Hamedan. On the way he took a severe turn for the worse, lingered for a while, and died in the holy month of\u00a0Ramadan.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1919\u201320 British Orientalist and acclaimed authority on\u00a0Persia\u00a0Edward G. Browne opined that \u201cAvicenna was a better philosopher than physician, but al-R\u0101z\u012b [Rhazes] a better physician than philosopher,\u201d a conclusion oft repeated ever since. But a judgment issued 800 years later begs the question: By what contemporary measure is an appraisal of \u201cbetter\u201d made? Several points are needed to make the philosophical and scientific views of these men comprehensible today. Theirs was the\u00a0culture\u00a0of the\u00a0\u02bfAbb\u0101sid\u00a0Caliphate (750\u20131258), the final ruling\u00a0dynasty\u00a0built on the precepts of the first Muslim\u00a0community\u00a0(ummah<\/em>) in the Islamic world. Thus, their cultural beliefs were remote from those of the 20th-century West and those of their Hellenistic predecessors. Their worldview was theocentric (centred on God)\u2014rather than anthropocentric (centred on humans), a perspective known to the Greco-Roman world. Their\u00a0cosmology\u00a0was a unity of natural, supernatural, and\u00a0preternatural\u00a0realms.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avicenna\u2019s cosmology centralized God as the Creator\u2014the\u00a0<\/span>First Cause, the necessary Being from whom emanated the 10 intelligences and whose immutable essence and existence reigned over those intelligences. The First Intelligence descended on down to the Active Intelligence, which communicated to humans through its divine\u00a0light, a symbolic attribute deriving authority from the Qur\u02be\u0101n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avicenna\u2019s most important work of philosophy and science is\u00a0<\/span>Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101\u02be<\/em>, which is a four-part encyclopaedia covering logic, physics, mathematics, and metaphysics. Since science was equated with wisdom, Avicenna attempted a broad unified classification of knowledge. For example, in the physics section, nature is discussed in the\u00a0context\u00a0of eight principal sciences, including the sciences of general principles, of celestial and terrestrial bodies, and of primary elements, as well as\u00a0meteorology, mineralogy,\u00a0botany,\u00a0zoology, and\u00a0psychology\u00a0(science of the\u00a0soul). The subordinate sciences, in order of importance, as designated by Avicenna, are medicine;\u00a0astrology;\u00a0physiognomy, the study of the correspondence of psychological characteristics to physical structure;\u00a0oneiromancy, the art of\u00a0dream\u00a0interpretation;\u00a0talismans, objects with magical power to blend the celestial forces with the forces of particular worldly bodies, giving rise to extraordinary action on earth; theurgy, the \u201csecrets of prodigies,\u201d whereby the combining of terrestrial forces are made to produce remarkable actions and effects; and\u00a0alchemy, an\u00a0arcane\u00a0art studied by Avicenna, although he ultimately rejected its transmutationism (the notion that base metals, such as copper and lead, could be transformed into\u00a0precious\u00a0metals, such as gold and silver). Mathematics is divided into four principal sciences: numbers and arithmetic, geometry and geography, astronomy, and music.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span>Logic\u00a0was viewed by Avicenna as instrumental to philosophy, an art and a science to be concerned with second-order concepts. While he was generally within the tradition of al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b and al-Kind\u012b, he more clearly dissociated himself from the Peripatetic school of\u00a0Baghdad\u00a0and utilized concepts of the\u00a0Platonic\u00a0and\u00a0Stoic\u00a0doctrines more openly and with a more independent mind. More importantly, his theology\u2014the First Cause and the 10 intelligences\u2014allowed his philosophy, with its devotion to God as Creator and the celestial\u00a0hierarchy, to be imported easily into medieval European\u00a0<\/span>Scholastic\u00a0thought.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Despite a general\u00a0assessment\u00a0favouring\u00a0al-R\u0101z\u012b\u2019s medical contributions, many physicians historically preferred Avicenna for his organization and clarity. Indeed, his influence over Europe\u2019s great medical schools extended well into the early modern period. There\u00a0<\/span>The Canon of Medicine<\/em>\u00a0(Al-Q\u0101n\u016bn f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb<\/em>) became the preeminent source, rather than al-R\u0101z\u012b\u2019s\u00a0Kit\u0101b al-\u1e25\u0101w\u012b<\/em>\u00a0(Comprehensive Book<\/em>).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avicenna\u2019s penchant for categorizing becomes immediately evident in the\u00a0Canon<\/em>, which is divided into five books. The first book contains four\u00a0treatises, the first of which examines the four elements (earth, air, fire, and water) in light of Greek physician\u00a0Galen of Pergamum\u2019s four\u00a0humours\u00a0(blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile). The first\u00a0treatise\u00a0also includes anatomy. The second treatise examines\u00a0etiology\u00a0(cause) and symptoms, while the third covers hygiene, health and sickness, and death\u2019s inevitability. The fourth treatise is a therapeutic nosology (classification of disease) and a general overview of\u00a0regimens\u00a0and dietary treatments. Book II of the\u00a0Canon<\/em>\u00a0is a \u201cMateria Medica,\u201d Book III covers \u201cHead-to-Toe Diseases,\u201d Book IV examines \u201cDiseases That Are Not Specific to Certain Organs\u201d (fevers and other systemic and humoral pathologies), and Book V presents \u201cCompound Drugs\u201d (e.g., theriacs, mithridates, electuaries, and cathartics). Books II and V each offer important compendia of about 760 simple and\u00a0compound\u00a0drugs that elaborate upon Galen\u2019s humoral pathology.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unfortunately, Avicenna\u2019s original clinical records, intended as an appendix to the\u00a0Canon<\/em>, were lost, and only an Arabic text has survived in a Roman publication of 1593. Yet, he obviously practiced Greek physician\u00a0Hippocrates\u2019 treatment of spinal deformities with reduction techniques, an approach that had been refined by Greek physician and surgeon\u00a0Paul of Aegina.\u00a0<\/span>Reduction\u00a0involved the use of pressure and\u00a0<\/span>traction\u00a0to straighten or otherwise correct bone and joint deformities such as\u00a0<\/span>curvature of the spine. The techniques were not used again until French surgeon Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Calot reintroduced the practice in 1896. Avicenna\u2019s suggestion of\u00a0wine\u00a0as a wound dressing was commonly employed in medieval Europe. He also described a condition known as \u201cPersian fire\u201d (anthrax), correctly correlated the sweet taste of urine to\u00a0<\/span>diabetes, and described the\u00a0guinea worm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avicenna\u2019s influence extends into modern medical practice.\u00a0Evidence-based medicine, for example, is often presented as a wholly contemporary phenomenon driven by the double-blind\u00a0clinical trial. But, as medical historian Michael McVaugh pointed out, medieval physicians went to great pains to build their practices upon reliable evidence. Here, Avicenna played a leading role as a prominent figure within the Greco-Arabic literature that influenced such 13th-century physicians as Arnold of Villanova (c.<\/em>\u00a01235\u20131313), Bernard de Gordon (fl. 1270\u20131330), and Nicholas of Poland (c.<\/em>\u00a01235\u20131316). It was Avicenna\u2019s concept of a\u00a0proprietas<\/em>\u00a0(a consistently effective remedy founded directly upon experience) that permitted the testing and confirmation of remedies within a context of rational\u00a0causation. Avicenna, and to a lesser extent Rhazes, gave many prominent medieval healers a framework of medicine as an\u00a0empirical\u00a0science\u00a0integral\u00a0to what McVaugh called \u201ca rational schema of nature.\u201d This should not be assumed to have led medieval physicians to construct a modern nosology or to develop modern research\u00a0protocols. However, it is equally ahistorical to dismiss the contributions of Avicenna, and the Greco-Arabic literature of which he was such a prominent part, to the construction of\u00a0modalities\u00a0of care that were fundamentally evidence-based.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The mausoleum is a masterpiece of architecture which is a nice combination of Persian and Greek architecture. The architect; Mr Seyhoon, used heavy rocks in order to stand against harsh winds which come towards Hamedan from west and ten Greek columns as they built it in the thousand anniversary of his birthday so each one is the symbol of a hundred years. The dome is the symbol Persian dome but the gaps are due to harsh winds and are good\u00a0choices to let the wind pass without hurting the building.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Inside the building you visit the books of Avicenna, the gifts which have been presented to the mausoleum, his tombstone and the plants on which Avicenna experimented.<\/b><\/p>\n

To visit this great mausoleum you need to find Avicenna square which is one of the most famous one in the city of Hamedan.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Special thanks to\u00a0www.britannica.com<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A mausoleum in which the wisdom hugs you…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[750],"tags":[1211,994],"yoast_head":"\nThe mausoleum of Avicenna - Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The mausoleum of Avicenna - Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A mausoleum in which the wisdom hugs you...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Special Explorer | Iran's Tourism Information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-12-20T15:23:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-12-20T19:49:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/20160603_182945.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"3744\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2106\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Heydarikhah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Heydarikhah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Heydarikhah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/#\/schema\/person\/97875b2ee69e06f8916f63352e2168a9\"},\"headline\":\"The mausoleum of Avicenna\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-12-20T15:23:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-12-20T19:49:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\"},\"wordCount\":1815,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Avicenna\",\"Hamedan\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Attractions\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/specialexplorer.com\/?p=5778\",\"name\":\"The mausoleum of Avicenna - 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